Sociodemographic and treatment-related correlates of fatigue in breast cancer survivors at an oncology clinic in Nigeria
Sharif Adeniyi Folorunso1, Abbas Adesina Abdus-Salam2, Atara Isiah Ntekim2, Afolabi Adebayo Oladeji2, Mutiu Alani Jimoh2 and Aminat Omolara Folorunso3
1Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife 220101, Nigeria
2Department of Radiation Oncology, University College Hospital/University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
3Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife 220101, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer survivors (BCS) still experience fatigue that may impair their quality of life even after completion of treatment. There is a need to understand the sociodemographic and treatment-related factors associated with this to develop relevant and effective interventions.
Aim: To assess the relationship between cancer-related fatigue and sociodemographic and treatment-related factors in BCS.
Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 80 BCS attending the radiation oncology University College Hospital Ibadan. Their sociodemographic, disease and treatment characteristics were obtained. Fatigue Symptom Inventory was used to assess fatigue. A score of at least 3 on average fatigue severity item was taken as cut-off for clinically meaningful fatigue.
Result: The mean age of patients was 51.5 years. The prevalence of fatigue was 22.5%. On univariate analysis, fatigue was significantly associated with younger age (p = 0.022), employment (p = 0.006), stage of the disease(p = 0.014), anthracycline-based chemotherapy (p = 0.026), last chemotherapy less than 1 year (p = 0.001). Using logistic regression analysis, stage (Odds ratio (OR) 5.115, 95% CI 1.029–25.438, p = 0.046), employment status (OR 52.224, 95% CI 3.611–755.899, p = 0.004) and year of last cycle chemotherapy (OR 6.375, 95% CI 1.108–36.680, p = 0.038) were associated with fatigue in BCS.
Conclusion: About a quarter of BCS reported fatigue. Advance stage disease, employment status and receiving last course of chemotherapy less than a year are correlates of fatigue.
Keywords: fatigue, correlates, breast cancer, survivors
Correspondence to: Sharif Adeniyi Folorunso
Email: thenoble20@yahoo.com
Published: 26/01/2024
Received: 12/07/2023
Publication costs for this article were supported by ecancer (UK Charity number 1176307).
Copyright: © the authors; licensee ecancermedicalscience. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Introduction
Worldwide female breast cancer is the most common cancer accounting for 11.7% of cancer diagnoses in 2020 [1]. Breast cancer is considered the leading cause of cancer death among females in developing countries [2, 3]. The story is the same in Nigeria where breast cancer poses a major morbidity and mortality burden [1, 4, 5]. With advances in cancer treatments, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other systemic therapies, coupled with increasing cancer awareness and early diagnosis, it is expected that the number of breast cancer survivors (BCS) will increase significantly in years to come [6]. Though cancer treatments improve survival, it may come with some long-term health sequelae [6, 7]. Some of these are distressing and can negatively affect the quality of life of cancer survivors [2, 8]. Some cancer survivors even stated that addressing such symptoms is as important as treating the cancer itself [7].
Fatigue is a major complaint during and after cancer treatments [9]. It could occur in up to 90% of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and persist in up to 25% of patients several months after chemotherapy [10, 11]. Patients and caregivers often describe fatigue as a lack of energy, vigor or vitality. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network defined ‘cancer-related fatigue (CRF) as a distressing persistent subjective sense of physical, emotional, and/or cognitive tiredness or exhaustion related to cancer or cancer treatment that is not proportional to recent activity and that interferes with usual functioning’ [8]. Fatigue in cancer patients occurs more in the morning or afternoon as opposed to that of a healthy individual which usually occur in the evening or follow no definite pattern [11].
Gaining an understanding of the mechanisms underlying this burdensome symptom is of great interest to researchers and clinicians alike, yet relatively few studies have evaluated the aetiology of fatigue or the factors that mediate it [12]. Studies have shown that sociodemographic variables like age, marital status, gender, educational and employment status are associated with fatigue in cancer survivors [13–17]. The results of most of the studies were mixed. A systematic review reported that some studies demonstrated the relationship between fatigue and these sociodemographic variables though other studies in the same review reported no association [9]. Most of the studies were not conducted among native African population, it is therefore uncertain if these findings can be generalised to BCS in Nigeria. Some studies have also assessed the effects of previous cancer treatments especially chemotherapy on fatigue in BCS though the mechanism has not been fully understood [9, 10].
In Nigeria, a study compared the magnitude of fatigue between BCS and apparently healthy individuals [11]. Another study assessed the prevalence and determinants of chronic fatigue syndrome in apparently healthy individuals in a selected community [17]. To our knowledge, no study to date has explored the correlates of fatigue in BCS. The aim of this study is to assess frequency of fatigue in BCS and the associated sociodemographic and treatment-related variables. This is important as it will help in identifying patients with high risk and prepare them for interventions that will reduce the impact of fatigue.
Materials and methods
This was a cross-sectional study involving BCS attending the radiation oncology clinic at the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. Participants of this study were BCS who had completed treatment for breast cancer at least 3 months prior to recruitment with no clinical evidence of disease according to their most recent follow-up contact. Other inclusion criteria included afebrile patients (body temperature less than 37.5°C), at least 18 years of age, with no known history of untreated or unstable medical condition such as poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, renal disease, mental illness, HIV infection and other chronic infections (assessed through history taking from patients and documentation from case notes).
Sample size determination
Cochran formula for sample size determination: n = Z2 p q/d2
where n is the sample size for populations greater than 10,000 people; Z = confidence interval is 1.96; p = prevalence (of fatigue in BCS = 24%) [11]; q = 1−p = 1− = 0.76 ; D = desired precision value = 0.05.
n is therefore (1.96)2 × 0.24 × 0.76/(0.05)2= 280
For populations less than 10,000, this formula is used: nf = n1 + n/N
where n (sample size for the population greater than 10,000)
N = study population = 98 (approximate number of women with BCS seen in 10 months)
n f = 280 ÷ (1 + 280/98) = 280 ÷ (1 + 2.86) = 73
A sample size of 80 participants was selected.
A total of 80 consecutive BCS who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Patients were recruited between 2 December 2019 and 2 October 2020. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire after receiving their consent. Sociodemographic, disease and treatment characteristics were obtained from the participants as well as from their medical records. Fatigue was defined as tiredness, exhaustion or lack of energy [9, 18]. The third item on fatigue symptom inventory (FSI) was used to quantify average fatigue in the participants. The FSI is a tool that has been validated to assess fatigue in cancer patients as well as survivors [18]. It was previously used to compare the severity of fatigue in BCS and apparently healthy individuals in south-western Nigeria [11]. According to the FSI, participants were asked to rate their level of fatigue (tiredness, exhaustion or lack of energy) on average in the last week. Fatigue severity was assessed with 11-point items using the Likert scale (0 = not at all fatigued, 10 = as fatigued as I could be). The frequency of fatigue was taken as a score of 3 or greater on the scale. This is the recommended cut-off for discriminating cases of clinically meaningful fatigue [18, 19].
Descriptive statistics were presented, and appropriate tables were used. Mean and SD were used for variables that were normally distributed like age. Student t-test was used to compare means while chi-squared test was used for a comparison of proportions. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to adjust for confounders in statistically significant variables on univariate analysis. The level of significance was at 5%.
Results
The patient’s sociodemographic variables and disease characteristics are shown in Table 1. The mean age of the recruited BCS was 51.36 ± 8.866 years The age of most of the patients was between 50 and 59 years (n = 44, 55%). The majority of the patients (n = 60, 75%) were married. As regards education status, (n = 49, 61.3%) had tertiary education, (n = 21, 26.3%) had secondary education while (n = 8, 10.0%) had primary education. Forty-six (57.5%) patients were employed at the time of recruitment. As regards the stage of disease as at the time of first visit, (n = 39, 48.8%) had stage 3 disease while (n = 41, 51.2%) had stage 2 disease. Thirty-two (40%) patients had comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes.
All the patients received chemotherapy, with the majority (n = 67, 83.8%) receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy and (n = 62, 63.3%) receiving at least six courses. The period of last chemotherapy was within 1 year in (n = 34, 42.5%) patients. The prevalence of fatigue in this study was 22.5% (Table 1).
Table 2 shows sociodemographic and treatment-related correlates of fatigue in BCS. The mean age of BCS that experienced fatigue was significantly lower than those who did not (p = 0.022). Level of education was not associated with fatigue in these studies (p = 0.354). Patients that were employed however reported significantly higher fatigue (p = 0.012). Late stage of presentation (p = 0.014), previously receiving anthracycline chemotherapy (p = 0.026) and last year of chemotherapy within 1 year (p = 0.001) were associated with the occurrence of fatigue in BCS. The number of cycles received was however not significantly related with fatigue (p = 0.392) (Table 2).
Multivariate analysis of the correlates of fatigue in BCS was shown in Table 3. The results showed that stage at diagnosis (Odds ratio (OR) 5.115, 95% CI 1.029–25.438, p = 0.046), employment status (OR 52.224, 95% CI 3.611–755.899, p = 0.004) and year of last cycle of chemotherapy (OR 6.375, 95% CI 1.108–36.680, p = 0.038) were independent predictors of fatigue in BCS.
Table 1. Patient’s sociodemographic variables, disease characteristics, treatment information and prevalence of fatigue.
Table 2. Univariate analysis of the sociodemographic and treatment-related correlates of fatigue in breast cancer survivors.
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of the correlates of fatigue in breast cancer survivors.
Discussion
The prevalence of fatigue was 22.5% in this study. This is in keeping with the finding of a similar study that reported a prevalence of 24.3% [7]. However, a meta-analysis of 27 studies reported that the prevalence rates of fatigue in BCS ranged from 7% to 52% with a pool prevalence of 26.7% [10]. This shows that fatigue affects a large number of BCS and suggests the need to pay attention to this plight of BCS.
The study found that younger age was associated with fatigue in BCS. Patients who were also employed at the time of recruitment also reported more fatigue than the unemployed which agrees with the findings of similar studies [9, 10]. Survivors with CRF have a higher odds of being unemployed compared to non-cancer cohort and fatigue has been identified as a major barrier to returning to work following cancer treatment [20]. Unemployment or frequent absenteeism from work can result in wage loss and increase the risk of financial toxicity [21]. The fact that younger age was associated with fatigue is worrisome as young age is usually the productive age [22]. Survivors that were employed are more likely to be involved in physical activities which may worsen their baseline CRF [20]. Though healthy individuals may also experience fatigue while engaging in physical activities, CRF is more severe, persistent and disproportionate to recent activity [3, 4, 7]. This may contribute to the OR reported in the employed group reported in this study. The wide OR should however be interpreted with caution due to a small sample size. It is therefore desirable to further explore the relationship between CRF and the employment status of BCS using a larger sample size through a multi-institutional longitudinal study. This has the potential to shed more light to the economic impact of cancer diagnosis in Nigeria.
This study found that fatigue was not significantly related to educational status in BCS among the study population. This differs from the findings of some community-based studies which reported that apparently healthy people with higher level of education tend to have lesser fatigue [23, 24]. Similar study conducted on BCS reported divergent results [9, 13, 25]. The difference in the findings was linked to variations in sampling strategy, sample size, and study setting [10].
This study did not demonstrate the association between the presence of comorbidity and fatigue in BCS. This is at variance with the findings of some previous studies that showed worsening fatigue with hypertension, diabetes, arthritis and chronic pulmonary disease [14, 26]. A community-based cross-sectional study involving 1,158 apparently healthy individuals demonstrated that the presence of one or more chronic health problems was associated with fatigue [23]. The difference between this study and ours may be due to the fact that the survivors that was recruited in our study had no known history of untreated or unstable medical conditions such as poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and renal disease. Though the patients were recruited at the radiation oncology clinic, their medical records contain information from other clinics they had visited within the hospital.
We also found that patients with stage 3 disease reported more fatigue than those with stage 2. This is in keeping with the findings of Abraham et al [13] that showed that early presentation is associated with less fatigue in BCS. Advanced disease is associated with more distressing symptoms and more adverse sequelae after treatment [27]. This further shows the importance of early presentation and prompt treatment in reducing the overall cancer burden not only at diagnosis and treatment stage but also during survivorship period [10].
The result from this study showed that chemotherapy was associated with fatigue. This agrees with the findings of a study that assessed the risk factors for chronic fatigue in BCS [13]. It was observed that patients who received anthracycline-based chemotherapy reported more fatigue than those who received non-anthracycline. Fatigue is a common side effect of anthracyclines [28]. The pathway for anthracycline-induced fatigue is not clear. Some authors demonstrated that anthracyclines produce reactive oxygen species that result in oxidative stress not only in cardiac muscle but also in skeletal muscle [29]. This drug-induced oxidative stress is a potential mechanism underlying the documented fatigue experienced by cancer patients [30]. Anthracyclines have also been implicated in cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation and brain damage in BCS which could be another potential mechanism for fatigue [28]. Though anthracyclines are classified as being unable to actively cross the blood-brain barrier, they are not completely excluded from the brain [31]. Even in small amounts, such agents can have clinically significant negative effects [31]. Further study would be necessary to further explore the mechanism of fatigue in patients taking anthracyclines.
We also observed that patients who completed their chemotherapy not more than a year reported more fatigue than those who completed it more than a year before the time of this study. This finding is in keeping with that of previous studies which demonstrated that the shorter the time since chemotherapy completion, the more fatigue experienced [9, 16, 32]. The first year after chemotherapy forms part of the period termed the re-entry phase in which patients confront psychosocial issues like fatigue and accompanying information needs [13, 33]. This further suggests the inclusion of fatigue in the follow up care of cancer survivors, especially in the first year after chemotherapy.
Conclusion
About a quarter of BCS reported fatigue. The advanced stage of disease, employment status and recency of the last cycle of chemotherapy are correlates of fatigue. There should be a concerted effort in reducing the impact of fatigue in BCS. More attention should be paid to patients with features associated with fatigue in this study. Future studies will be necessary to investigate culturally accepted interventions that can reduce fatigue in BCS.
Limitations
Fatigue was assessed in the survivors, months after treatment. The baseline pretreatment fatigue can have some influence on the post treatment findings. A prospective study that monitors fatigue before treatment, during treatment and at follow-up, could have addressed this limitation. Patients were also asked about fatigue they experienced in the last 7 days, which could predispose them to recall bias and under reporting of fatigue. The small sample size is another limitation of this study. There are potential confounders of fatigue such as pain, insomnia, patients’ physical activity and depression which were not considered in the study. Nonetheless, this study has provided baseline information that would be useful for a future longitudinal prospective study on CRF in BCS.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the members of staff at the Radiation Oncology Department UCH Ibadan for their support towards the success of this work.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Funding
None.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Approval for this study was sought from the joint ethical review committee of the University of Ibadan/UCH, Ibadan.
Consent for publication
Consent was taken from the patients with aid of informed consent form.
Availability of data and material
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Author contributions
SAF: Conceptualised the topic and designed the study methodology. He contributed to the data acquisition, data analysis, interpretation of data and wrote the final draft of this work.
AAS: Contributed to the conception, design, data acquisition, data analysis, interpretation of data and the draft of this work.
AIN: Contributed to the conception, design, data acquisition, data analysis, interpretation of data and the draft of this work.
AAO: Contributed to the conception, design, data acquisition, data analysis, interpretation of data and the draft of this work.
MAJ: Contributed to the conception, design, data acquisition, data analysis, interpretation of data and the draft of this work.
AOF: Contributed to the conception, design, data acquisition, data analysis and the draft of this work.
They have approved the submitted version and the final draft of the manuscript and take responsibility for this paper.
List of abbreviations
BCS, Breast cancer survivors; CRF, Cancer related fatigue; FSI, Fatigue symptom inventory; UCH, University College Hospital Ibadan.
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