Age-related and postmenopausal breast cancer progression remains a significant challenge, with growing evidence pointing to the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines in tumour development and immune system modulation.

As the global population ages, understanding the intricate connections between ageing, inflammation, and cancer progression becomes increasingly critical.

The ageing process is accompanied by changes in the tumour microenvironment, including the stiffening of the extracellular matrix and the accumulation of inflammatory immune mediators, such as interleukins (IL-6, IL-8), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor (TGF), and CXC chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12).

These factors contribute to tumour growth, metastasis, and immune evasion, particularly in postmenopausal women.

Obesity-induced chronic inflammation further amplifies the risks, as excess adipose tissue leads to an overproduction of cytokines and adipokines.

This inflammatory environment enhances tumour aggressiveness, influences immune cell infiltration, and modifies hormone signalling, thereby increasing breast cancer susceptibility in postmenopausal women.

Studies have shown that elevated levels of CXCL8/IL-8 and CXCL12/CXCR4 correlate with tumour progression, making these key targets for potential therapeutic interventions.

A crucial aspect of age-related breast cancer progression is the dysregulation of the immune system, particularly the decline in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the impaired response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), characterised by the release of inflammatory cytokines, plays a pivotal role in this process, contributing to both tumour growth and immune suppression.

The pro-tumour effects of IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCLs highlight the importance of targeting cytokine-driven inflammation as a therapeutic strategy.

Advancements in theranostic interventions focusing on cytokine and chemokine modulation hold promise for improved breast cancer treatment in older women.

By addressing the interplay between ageing, obesity, inflammation, and immune function, researchers aim to develop personalised therapies that mitigate tumour progression while preserving immune surveillance.

With the rising incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer, the need for innovative approaches targeting inflammatory pathways has never been more pressing.

By unravelling the complex molecular mechanisms underlying age-related cancer progression, the scientific community is paving the way for more effective and tailored treatment strategies that can significantly improve patient outcomes.

Source: Compuscript Ltd