A combination of two targeted cancer drugs showed unprecedented, “clinically meaningful” activity in patients with highly malignant brain tumours that carried a rare genetic mutation, according to a clinical trial report by investigators from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.

The drug combination, which blocked an overactive cell-growth signalling pathway, shrank tumours by 50% or more in one-third of 45 patients with hard-to-treat high-grade gliomas, including glioblastomas, the most aggressive brain tumour.

The patients were selected for the trial because their tumours carried a genetic mutation known as v600E in the BRAF gene.

This mutation is found in only two to three percent of patients with high-grade gliomas but is found in up to 60% of certain types of low-grade gliomas.

The study included 13 patients with low-grade gliomas.

Of those patients, nine had an objective response to treatment with the drug combination, for a response rate of 69%.

“This is the first time that any targeted drug has been shown to work in glioblastoma in a clinical trial,” said Patrick Wen, MD, first author of the report in The Lancet Oncology and director of the Center for Neuro-Oncology at Dana-Farber. With all current chemotherapy treatments for glioblastomas, the response rate is no better than five per cent, he said, which contrasts with the 33 percent response rate achieved by the combination.

The response rate was even higher – about 40 % – in patients younger than 40 years of age, according to Wen.

The two drugs paired in the study were dabrafenib and trametinib.

Both drugs target proteins in the MAPK pathway, a signalling chain of proteins that acts as a switch for cell growth and can become stuck in the “on” position, causing uncontrolled growth leading to tumours.

Three patients had complete responses – their tumours no longer could be seen on imaging scan – and 12 had partial shrinkage of their tumours.

The patients were not cured, but those who responded to the drugs experienced remarkably durable benefits – by one assessment, the median duration of response was 13.6 months, and by another assessment, it was 36.9 months.

The findings are from an ongoing phase 2 study called ROAR (Rare Oncology Agnostic Research) that has been enrolling patients since 2014 in 27 community and academic cancer centres in 13 countries.

The study is a so-called “basket” trial, which seeks to enrol patients who share a common tumour characteristic – in this case the BRAF v600E mutation – although they may have an array of different cancers.

The ROAR study includes patients with thyroid and biliary tract cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, hairy cell leukaemia, multiple myeloma, low- and high-grade glioma brain tumours, and others.

The study is designed to determine the overall response rate of dabrafenib combined with trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E-mutated cancers.

The BRAF protein is a growth signalling protein kinase that plays a role in regulating the MAPK signalling pathway.

BRAF V600E mutations drive cancer by activating the MAPK pathway, which is made up of many proteins, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and the development of a tumour.

The drugs used in this study, dabrafenib and trametinib, are oral drugs that block parts of the overactive MAPK signalling pathway.

Dabrafenib inhibits an enzyme, B-Raf, and trametinib inhibits molecules called MEK1 and MEK2, which are part of the MAPK pathway.

They have been used in combination to treat melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and thyroid cancer.

Gliomas are cancer that originate in the glia – the supporting cells of the brain – not the brain neurons themselves.

Gliomas comprise about 80 percent of all malignant brain tumours.

Some are slow-growing low-grade gliomas, while others are aggressive high-grade gliomas including glioblastomas that are difficult to remove and almost always recur.

No important advances in treating gliomas in recent years, the authors of the report said, but there have been isolated reports of the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib showing activity in gliomas.

Their report from the ROAR study “is the first time that a combination of BRAF inhibitor (dabrafenib) and a MEK inhibitor (trametinib) have shown notable activity in these difficult-to-treat gliomas, including glioblastomas which have historically shown resistance to therapies.”

Although the drugs only helped patients whose tumours carried the rare V600E mutation, Wen said the results were encouraging “because people were starting to think you will never have any targeted therapies for glioblastoma.” 

He added that there is emerging evidence that there may be other targets in gliomas that could be blocked by designer drugs.

Source: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute