A new analysis of survival data for the randomised, phase III PACIFIC trial finds adding the immunotherapy cancer drug durvalumab to radiation and chemotherapy significantly decreased the recurrence of lung cancer both in the chest area and in distant sites outside the chest.

The update of the landmark study that changed the standard of care for patients with stage 3 unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), was presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO).

In an independent evaluation of the patterns of disease progression for 713 patients randomised to durvalumab (n=476) or placebo (n=237) after completing chemoradiation, researchers found the immunotherapy drug greatly reduced the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.

When the disease did spread, new distant lesions occurred in the brain the vast majority of the time.

Because the cancer was not spreading widely throughout the body, findings suggest that aggressive local therapies, such as radiation or surgery, might further extend survival for these patients.

"It's notable how the addition of durvalumab significantly decreased the distant progression of disease," said Andreas Rimner, MD, a radiation oncologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and an author on the study.

"With this type of cancer, you can achieve some control of the tumour within the lung, but it almost invariably comes back elsewhere in the body and there are limited options for what we can do. To have a treatment that truly reduces the rate of lesions developing distantly, and reduces the frequency of these distant lesions, is a major step forward and really improves the outlook for these patients."

"It is helpful to know that the cancer didn't commonly come back in multiple different places," he said.

"When cancer returns in just one or two areas, it can be amenable to aggressive local therapies. There is increasing evidence that local ablative therapies may further extend survival for these patients. We can't say that this is definitively what should be done, as this trial didn't address that question. But it's highly suggested by several phase II studies and currently being investigated in ongoing phase III studies including NRG-LU002."

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide.

Most patients with NSCLC, which accounts for 85% of all lung cancers, experience some continued cancer growth after chemoradiation - approximately half within two years, and 70-80% in the longer term (i.e., more than two years), explained Dr. Rimner.

Trial results published last year in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that adding durvalumab (also known by its brand name Imfinzi) after radiation and chemotherapy extended the time patients with stage 3 inoperable NSCLC lived without the disease progressing and significantly improved overall survival rates.

As a result of these findings, adjuvant durvalumab became the new standard of care for patients whose disease had not progressed after concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy and radiation.

In this analysis, an independent team of researchers from the United States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom re-analysed CT scans from the PACIFIC study and found that fewer than half (45.4%) of patients in the durvalumab-treated arm experienced new cancer growth or died, compared to two-thirds (64.6%) of patients in the placebo arm.

For most patients (in both arms), new cancer lesions first appeared within the thorax, or chest area.

Of those treated with durvalumab, 36.6% had first new cancer growth only in the chest area (compared to 48.1% of those not treated with durvalumab) and 6.9% had first new cancer growth only outside the chest area (versus 13.1% in the placebo arm).

Of those in the durvalumab-treated arm, 1.9% experienced first cancer growth both inside and outside the chest area (versus 3.4% of those in the placebo arm), with 8.8% of those patients experiencing new lesions outside the chest area first (16.5% in the placebo arm).

For most patients who experienced new, distant lesions as the first failure site, those lesions occurred in the brain (61.9% of durvalumab-treated patients and 66.7% of placebo patients with new lesions outside the chest area).

The time it took for new lesions to grow was also longer in each region for patients in the durvalumab-treated arm compared to those in the placebo arm.

This was true for patients who only experienced local tumour growth (25.2 months vs. 9.2 months; HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.43-0.70), as well as for patients who only experienced distant tumour growth (median not reached in either group; HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27-0.63) and for patients who experienced tumours in both areas (median not reached in either group; HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.28-0.82).

This new analysis of disease progression data adds support to the decision to make the addition of durvalumab to radiation and chemotherapy standard practice for patients with NSCLC, said Dr. Rimner.

"I think it gives further credence to any doubters," he said.

"The addition of this immunotherapy drug following concurrent chemoradiation really needs to be implemented as the standard of care for these patients."

Next steps in this line of research include mapping out the specifics of delivering this trimodal combination, said Dr. Rimner.

"There is some speculation that an earlier start of durvalumab after chemoradiation might be associated with better survival. There also are several other ongoing studies exploring the concurrent use of durvalumab in combination with radiation therapy in various forms."

Source: ASTRO