A Keck School of Medicine of USC research team has identified how cancer stem cells survive.

This finding may one day lead to new therapies for liver cancer, one of the few cancers in the United States with an incidence rate that continues to balloon.

"Liver cancer is difficult to treat, and most patients who are diagnosed with it will die within a five-year period," said Jing-Hsiung James Ou, senior author of a new study and a professor of molecular microbiology and immunology at the Keck School of Medicine. "My team has identified how liver cancer stem cells are maintained. Without these 'seeds of cancer,' liver tumours would shrink and eventually disappear."

New liver cancer cases went up 38 percent from 2003 to 2012, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The disease's death rate increased by 56 percent to 23,000 deaths between 2012 and 2003.

The study, published in the journal Molecular Cell, is an example of how Keck School of Medicine researchers are finding biomedical solutions that in the distant future could improve medical treatment for patients.

Ou believes the target therapy his team identified could also be used for other types of cancers.

Liver cancer is resistant to most chemotherapy drugs.

Only three drugs have been effective in shrinking liver tumours, but tumours become resistant to the treatment quickly, according to the American Cancer Society.

Ou and his colleagues found that mitophagy, the removal of damaged mitochondria (the cell's energizer batteries), is a potential therapeutic target.

Mitophagy can cause tumours to proliferate.

That is because a powerful tumour suppressor called p53 attaches itself to mitochondria.

Removing mitochondria inadvertently removes the body's natural ability to keep tumours at bay.

If a lot of damaged "batteries" are removed, then the tumour suppressor p53 will also be removed: More cancer stem cells will be created, resulting in more malignant tumours.

However, if this cell cleaning process is temporarily halted, then the number of cancer stem cells will diminish.

Without these seeds of cancer, tumours will regress until they no longer exist, Ou said.

"Now that we understand the molecular process, we will be able to target this pathway to stop the production of cancer stem cells," Ou said. "If cancer stem cells are gone, cancer is gone."

Source: University of Southern California