Retinoblastoma is a tumour of the retina that generally affects children under 5 years of age.

If not diagnosed early, retinoblastoma may result in loss of one or both eyes and can be fatal. Unlike most cancers that are diagnosed using a biopsy, retinoblastoma tumours cannot be directly biopsied.

Although it is one of the first cancers to have its genetic origin identified, ocular oncologists have not been able to use this information to optimize treatment since they can only access the tumour if the affected eye is removed (called enucleation) in the course of treatment.

A recent study by a team of investigators at the Vision Center of Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, part of Keck Medicine of USC, provides proof of concept for a safe and effective way to derive genetic information from the tumour without removing the eye.

Results of the study are published in JAMA Ophthalmology.

Retinoblastoma was one of the first tumours to have its genetic origin identified; the RB1 retinoblastoma tumour suppressor gene mutation was discovered by A. Linn Murphree, MD, a co-author on this paper, who established the Retinoblastoma Program at Children's Hospital Los Angeles.

However, ocular oncologists have been limited in their ability to use this genetic information to inform diagnosis and the application of personalized treatments since removing tissue from the tumour in the back of the eye could spread tumour cells outside of the eye or even to the rest of the body, resulting in a far worse prognosis for the patient.

Retinoblastoma is treated using chemotherapy given either intravenously or through the ophthalmic artery.

There are limits, however, to the amount of drug that actually reaches the eye.

As a result, relapse does occur due to small tumour particles that break off - or seed - from the main tumour.

The treatment for these seeds changed dramatically in 2012 when intraocular injections of chemotherapy were shown to be safe and effective.

In order to inject chemotherapy directly into the eye, it is first necessary to remove a small amount of fluid, called aqueous humour, from the front of the eye, to decrease the pressure within the eye prior to injection of the medication.

Previously, this fluid was simply dispensed after the procedure.

"Just as I was discarding the aqueous humour, I wondered if there was a possibility it contained tumor-derived genetic material we could use to better treat our patients," said Jesse Berry, MD, ocular oncologist at CHLA, assistant professor of Clinical Ophthalmology at the USC Roski Eye Institute and first author on the study. "In fact, we found measurable amounts of tumour DNA - genetic information from the tumour that had previously been completely unavailable from an intact eye."

"Chromosomal changes from DNA found in the aqueous humour corroborates the chromosomal changes found in the retinoblastoma tumour," said James Hicks, PhD, professor of Biologic Sciences at the USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience and professor at the Keck School of Medicine at USC. "These findings provide proof of principle that the aqueous humour can be used for a surrogate 'liquid' tumour biopsy."

The study reported on six samples from three eyes affected with retinoblastoma, in children less than 3 years of age.

Two of the eyes had been removed primarily for treatment of the disease; the third eye was receiving intraocular injections as therapy but ultimately had to be removed due to disease recurrence.

Aqueous humour was taken from all three eyes and allowed investigators to compare tumour DNA in the aqueous humour to DNA found in the retinoblastoma tumour.

"Until now, we could only do genetic analysis - and base therapy on the specific pathologic tumour features - when there was no longer a possibility of saving the eye," said Thomas C. Lee, MD, director of the Vision Center at CHLA and associate professor at the USC Roski Eye Institute. "In the future we hope to have the capability to specifically target therapy to the type of tumour and can anticipate better outcomes for children with retinoblastoma."

The team of investigators plans future studies to compare tumor DNA from eyes that have been saved to those that need to be removed due to tumour recurrence.

"This research has the potential to completely transform how we treat children with retinoblastoma," said Jonathan W. Kim, MD, director of the Retinoblastoma Program at CHLA and also director of the ocular oncology service at USC Roski Eye Institute. "This is one of the most significant findings in retinoblastoma research in the past 20 years."

Source: Children's Hospital Los Angeles